Public Enemy
Biography
Public Enemy rewrote the rules of hip-hop, becoming the most influential and controversial rap group of the late '80s and, for many, the definitive rap group of all time. Building from Run-D.M.C.'s street-oriented beats and Boogie Down Productions' proto-gangsta rhyming, Public Enemy pioneered a variation of hardcore rap that was musically and politically revolutionary. With his powerful, authoritative baritone, lead rapper Chuck D rhymed about all kinds of social problems, particularly those plaguing the black community, often condoning revolutionary tactics and social activism. In the process, he directed hip-hop toward an explicitly self-aware, pro-black consciousness that became the culture's signature throughout the next decade.
Musically, Public Enemy was just as revolutionary, as their production team, the Bomb Squad, created dense soundscapes that relied on avant-garde cut-and-paste techniques, unrecognizable samples, piercing sirens, relentless beats, and deep funk. It was chaotic and invigorating music, made all the more intoxicating by Chuck D's forceful vocals and the absurdist raps of his comic foil, Flavor Flav. With his comic sunglasses and an oversized clock hanging from his neck, Flav became the group's visual focal point, but he never obscured the music. While rap and rock critics embraced the group's late-'80s and early-'90s records, Public Enemy frequently ran into controversy with their militant stance and lyrics, especially after their 1988 album It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back made them into celebrities. After all the controversy settled in the early '90s, once the group entered a hiatus, it became clear that Public Enemy was the most influential and radical band of their time.
Chuck D (born Carlton Ridenhour, August 1, 1960) formed Public Enemy in 1982, as he was studying graphic design at Adelphi University on Long Island. He had been DJing at the student radio station WBAU, where he met Hank Shocklee and Bill Stephney. All three shared a love of hip-hop and politics, which made them close friends. Shocklee had been assembling hip-hop demo tapes, and Ridenhour rapped over one song, "Public Enemy No. 1," around the same time he began appearing on Stephney's radio show under the Chuckie D pseudonym. Def Jam co-founder and producer Rick Rubin heard a tape of "Public Enemy No. 1" and immediately courted Ridenhour in hopes of signing him to his fledgling label.
Chuck D initially was reluctant, but he eventually developed a concept for a literally revolutionary hip-hop group -- one that would be driven by sonically extreme productions and socially revolutionary politics. Enlisting Shocklee as his chief producer and Stephney as a publicist, Chuck D formed a crew with DJ Terminator X (born Norman Lee Rogers, August 25, 1966) and fellow Nation of Islam member Professor Griff (born Richard Griffin) as the choreographer of the group's backup dancers, the Security of the First World, who performed homages to old Stax and Motown dancers with their martial moves and fake Uzis. He also asked his old friend William Drayton (born March 16, 1959) to join as a fellow rapper. Drayton developed an alter ego called Flavor Flav, who functioned as a court jester to Chuck D's booming voice and somber rhymes in Public Enemy.
Public Enemy's debut album, Yo! Bum Rush the Show, was released on Def Jam Records in 1987. Its spare beats and powerful rhetoric were acclaimed by hip-hop critics and aficionados, but the record was ignored by the rock and R&B mainstream. However, their second album, It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back, was impossible to ignore. Under Shocklee's direction, PE's production team, the Bomb Squad, developed a dense, chaotic mix that relied as much on found sounds and avant-garde noise as it did on old-school funk. Similarly, Chuck D's rhetoric gained focus and Flavor Flav's raps were wilder and funnier. A Nation of Millions was hailed as revolutionary by both rap and rock critics, and it was -- hip-hop had suddenly became a force for social change.
As Public Enemy's profile was raised, they opened themselves up to controversy. In a notorious statement, Chuck D claimed that rap was "the black CNN," relating what was happening in the inner city in a way that mainstream media could not project. Public Enemy's lyrics were naturally dissected in the wake of such a statement, and many critics were uncomfortable with the positive endorsement of black Muslim leader Louis Farrakhan on "Bring the Noise." "Fight the Power," Public Enemy's theme for Spike Lee's controversial 1989 film Do the Right Thing, also caused an uproar for its attacks on Elvis Presley and John Wayne, but that was considerably overshadowed by an interview Professor Griff gave The Washington Post that summer. Griff had previously said anti-Semitic remarks on-stage, but his quotation that Jews were responsible for "the majority of the wickedness that goes on across the globe" was greeted with shock and outrage, especially by white critics who previously embraced the group. Faced with a major crisis, Chuck D faltered. First he fired Griff, then brought him back, then broke up the group entirely. Griff gave one more interview where he attacked Chuck D and PE, which led to his permanent departure from the group.
Public Enemy spent the remainder of 1989 preparing their third album, releasing "Welcome to the Terrordome" as its first single in early 1990. Again, the hit single caused controversy as its lyrics "still they got me like Jesus" were labeled anti-Semitic by some quarters. Despite all the controversy, Fear of a Black Planet was released to enthusiastic reviews in the spring of 1990, and it shot into the pop Top Ten as the singles "911 Is a Joke," "Brothers Gonna Work It Out," and "Can't Do Nuttin' for Ya Man" became Top 40 R&B hits. For their next album, 1991's Apocalypse 91...The Enemy Strikes Black, the group re-recorded "Bring the Noise" with thrash metal band Anthrax, the first sign that the group was trying to consolidate their white audience. Apocalypse 91 was greeted with overwhelmingly positive reviews upon its fall release, and it debuted at number four on the pop charts, but the band began to lose momentum in 1992 as they toured with the second leg of U2's Zoo TV tour and Flavor Flav was repeatedly in trouble with the law. In the fall of 1992, they released the remix collection Greatest Misses as an attempt to keep their name viable, but it was greeted to nasty reviews.
Public Enemy was on hiatus during 1993, as Flav attempted to wean himself off drugs, returning in the summer of 1994 with Muse Sick-n-Hour Mess Age. Prior to its release, it was subjected to exceedingly negative reviews in Rolling Stone and The Source, which affected the perception of the album considerably. Muse Sick debuted at number 14, but it quickly fell off the charts as it failed to generate any singles. Chuck D retired Public Enemy from touring in 1995 as he severed ties with Def Jam, developed his own record label and publishing company, and attempted to rethink Public Enemy. In 1996, he released his first debut album, The Autobiography of Mistachuck. As it was released in the fall, he announced that he planned to record a new Public Enemy album the following year.
Before that record was made, Chuck D published an autobiography in the fall of 1997. During 1997, Chuck D reassembled the original Bomb Squad and began work on three albums. In the spring of 1998, Public Enemy kicked off their major comeback with their soundtrack to Spike Lee's He Got Game, which was played more like a proper album than a soundtrack. Upon its April 1998 release, the record received the strongest reviews of any Public Enemy album since Apocalypse '91...The Enemy Strikes Black. After Def Jam refused to help Chuck D's attempts to bring PE's music straight to the masses via the Internet, he signed the group to the web-savvy independent Atomic Pop. Before the retail release of Public Enemy's seventh LP, There's a Poison Goin' On..., the label made MP3 files of the album available on the Internet. It finally appeared in stores in July 1999.
After a three-year break from recording and a switch to the In the Paint label, Public Enemy released Revolverlution, a mix of new tracks, remixes, and live cuts. The CD/DVD combo It Takes a Nation appeared in 2005. The multimedia package contained an hourlong video of the band live in London in 1987 and a CD with rare remixes. The new album New Whirl Odor also appeared in 2005. The "special projects" album Rebirth of a Nation -- an album with all rhymes written by Bay Area rapper Paris -- was supposed to be released right along with it, but didn't appear until early the next year. The odds-and-ends collection Beats and Places appeared before the end of 2006. Featuring the single "Harder Than You Think," How You Sell Soul to a Soulless People Who Sold Their Soul??? arrived in the summer of 2007. ~ Stephen Thomas Erlewine, All Music Guide
Selected Discography

How You Sell Soul To A Soulless People Who Sold Their Soul?
2007

Remix Of A Nation (Explicit)
2007

Rebirth Of A Nation (Explicit)
2006

It Takes A Nation: The First London Invasion Tour 1987
2005

New Whirl Odor
2005
Earlwiggs, I feel you, but don't feel sorry for us. I missed out on most of the REAL hip hop during the nineties, but the music is foreva baby! I owe it to Pandora that I've only recently discovered the greatness of acts like Gang Starr, PE, De La, ATCQ, etc, and though I regret slightly not having this awareness earlier, I'm thrilled to have gained a new appreciation for a wider range of hip hop.
PE - Some come close, few equal, none trancend. |
||
I love their version of Bring The Noise with Zakk Wylde. It's AWESOME! It's on Guitar Hero 5.
|
||
Dang Moomoo007 is leaving negative comments on every good group ha jus enjoy the music or don't listen to it brudda. PE influenced alot of great hip hop groups.. Can't get enough of them. Flava Flav cracks me up ha.
|
||
The greatest hip-hop group of all time. So all the haters can just shut the f**k up.
|
||
I saw PE in concert in 1990. What a show!!! Their music is still amazing in 2009!!!
|
||
NEW SCHOOL TAKE NOTE.....YAL L CAN'T COMPARE WITH PE...THIS IS REAL RAP BUT LOGIC.....SO R R Y KIDS WHO MISSED OUT ON OUR ERA!!! DON'T BLAME US BLAME YOUR PARENTS FOR NOT GETTING BUSY EARLIER..... . . T H I S NEW CRUNK MUSIC REALLY IS PLAYED OUT NOW......... P O O R GENERATION OF KIDS....
|
||
this pioneer group is the premier artists watching the door since the early days of hip hop. i can't get enough of this message of uplifting and inspiring the young black male and females. no expiration still contemporary is the message. can you hear me now?
|
||
Public Enemy what can I say, notably the greatest rap group ever next to Boogie Down Productions. Between Chuck D and KRS ONE, no other rapper in history can probably touch them. The only other Rapper that could would be Rakim. There has not been no other rapper outside of these 2 that can rap on a level about politics, religion, self awareness and upliftment, community and world issues and make sense at the same time and make you jam at the same time.
|
||
This the sh**!!! Greatest Hip Hop Group of all time! I read about them back in 87 or 88 and I then I bought their album Yo Bum Rush The Show and have been a fan ever since. Chuck D one of the greatest Mc's of all time. Great live performance. Hip Hop at it's best. It's because of artist like this why I'm Hip Hop 4 life. Not trying to dis the artist of today but will their sh** still have people want to get up and move 20 years later? Will people play their s**t in 20yrs? This is real Hip Hop!
|
||
Along with Run-DMC, they're my favorite group of all time. Chuck D is da man. "427 to the year do you understand, thats why its hard for the black to luv the land. Can't Truss it". It takes a Million to hold us back, is the greatest hiphop CD ever made.
|
||
IT TAKES A NATION OF MILLIONS iz ol' school P.E....luv'e m . . . d o n t ya kno i caught a C.O.... fallin asleep on death row..i grabbed his gun and he did wut i said so... yeahhhhh... boyyyyyy!!!! !
|
||
The publc enemy of america. (the black man). Freedom is everthing my nizzle.
|
||
I'm mad as s**t!! They don't have Yo Bumrush The Show available? That's the best s**t!! What the f**k is wrong with Pandora sometimes? Get it right!!
|
||
AAAWWWWSSSoo o m m m m e e e e group!!!! The revolution will not be televised!!! ! ! !
|
||
Quite probably the greatest hip hop group of all time! They represent the potential of hip hop that absolutely should be the mainstream direction of the genre! One of the greatest blessings of my youth was the discovery of Public Enemy! It literally changed my life! I will never forget the 1st time I heard "Welcome to the Terrordome!" I knew of them before that, but that was HUGE for me!
|
||
i'm right there with you all, i still love to crank old P.E......... . . . ( y o u got a rip in your couch)
|
||
F*ck whitey! i am white and have been down with PE since yo bum rush the show.
They friggin rule. Pimpdadde |
||
One thing about PE. They influenced me to a new level!! Chuck D, Flav, the S1W's & Terminator X brings back thoughts of Spike Lee movies, Brooklyn and all my friends and me blasting their trax and the good times we all had together. PE is not RAP, they are a HIP HOP EXPERIENCE! So.. Who remembers the Fight the Power Video? Was that HOT or WHAT??
|
||
PE is not just rap. PE is not just hip-hop. PE is not just in your face. PE is their own experience. If you were around and lost in the late 80s and early 90s you remember the first time you heard PE. If you were like me, you realized they were different right away. And I really, for the most part hate what's happened to R&B, I like very little hip hop and almost no rap. These guys are just different. I'm glad I was around when they came up.
|
||
The thing is, MC's these days don't have anything relevent or intelligent to talk about. Chuck D is the epitome of what a true M.C. should be. I just wish there were a song with Rakim, Chuck D & KRS-ONE all on the same track! Hip hop needs it right now!
|
||
One of the best groups ever. Even in the mist of major controversy, they still sold millioins. I still have my old cassettes but went and purchased everything on cd also. Chuck-D and Flav will always be the ultimate mc team. PE as a whole will always be hard to beat!!!!
|
||
I'm a white boy punk and was anti hip-hop for years until one of my friends pushed "Fear of a Black Planet" into my grubby hands and now I'm hooked. There need to be more groups like Public Enemy, and less of that bullshit K-Fed tripe that has flooded the market. Yeeeeeeeahhh h h h Boooyyyeeeee e e indeed.
|
||
One of hip hop's best, We need more emcee's like Chuck-D and Flavor Flav is the orginal hype man. I mean, who else could pull off a viking helmet and an oversize clock. This is an example of just how powerfull hip hop can be.
|
||
Yeeahhhhhh Booooooooyyy y e e e e e e e e e e ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
|
||
public enemy is good but flava flav is an idiot and should be thrown into the zoo with the monkies
|
||
nothing beats Public Enemy Classic POETRY!!! All still relevant to-day!!!
|
||
| report abuse |









